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Vermont Public Records and the Right to Know:
Is There a Requirement to Create Records?
| Vermont Public Records |

This Guide was published in 2003 and is no longer being updated. Please see the Right To Know website for more information.

Vermont does not have a general mandate to create records similar to the federal government’s requirement in 44 USC § 3101.  There are some general requirements for creating certain types of records.  1 V.S.A. §312(b)(1), for example, requires that minutes be taken of all meetings of public bodies; enumerates what basic information should be in the minutes; and declares all minutes of public meetings to be public records.  3 V.S.A. §218, for example, requires all agencies to establish and maintain an accurate inventory to agency records.

There a numerous statutes, however, governing record creation within specific agencies.  Some examples include:

Must create records (8 V.S.A. § 11(4)): The commissioner of banking, insurance, securities, and health care administration is required to create and maintain a public record of all department employees holding loans with institutions regulated by BISHCA.

Can require record creation. (21 V.S.A. §1314):  The commissioner of employment and training “may require any employing unit to keep such true and accurate records and make such reports covering persons employed by it…”

Must create registers (28 V.S.A. §403):  The commissioner of corrections must establish and maintain a register of individuals who ask to be informed of the review of an inmate by the parole board.  The register is confidential.    

Must issue reports (3 V.S.A.  §117):  The State Archives, must provide annual reports to the governor and the house and senate government operations committees.

NOTE:  Under 29 V.S.A. §1152 executive branch agencies must give the state librarian ten copies of any reports they produce. 

See Case Law 1 V.S.A. § 317

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44 U.S.C. §. 3101. - Records management by agency heads; general duties

The head of each Federal agency shall make and preserve records containing adequate and proper documentation of the organization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures, and essential transactions of the agency and designed to furnish the information necessary to protect the legal and financial rights of the Government and of persons directly affected by the agency's activities.

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1 V.S.A. § 312 (b)(1)  Right to attend meetings of public agencies

Minutes shall be taken of all meetings of public bodies. The minutes shall cover all topics and motions that arise at the meeting and give a true indication of the business of the meeting.

Minutes shall include at least the following minimal information:
(A) All members of the public body present;
(B) All other active participants in the meeting;
(C) All motions, proposals and resolutions made, offered and considered, and what disposition is made of same; and
(D) The results of any votes, with a record of the individual vote of each member if a roll call is taken.

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3 V.S.A. § 218. Agency/department records management program

(a) The head of each state agency or department shall establish, maintain and implement an active and continuing program approved by the commissioner of buildings and general services for the effective management, preservation and disposition of records for which that head is responsible.

(b) For an agency or department records program to be approved by the commissioner of buildings and general services the head of each state agency or department shall:

(1) establish and maintain an accurate inventory of all records;

(2) develop justifiable retention periods for all records;

(3) dispose promptly of those records authorized for destruction by the department of buildings and general services of the agency of administration;

(4) establish and maintain accurate records indicating the identity and quantity of all records destroyed, the savings in space and equipment, and any money savings resulting from the disposal of such records;

(5) establish and maintain other records related to management of the agency's or department's records as required by the director of public records;

(6) provide for furnishing to the division of public records, such special reports regarding the records of the agency or department as the department of buildings and general services may deem necessary;

(7) process, store and preserve records kept by the agency or department in an efficient and economical manner;

 (8) where practicable, consolidate or eliminate existing records of the agency or department and control the creation of new records; and

(9) maintain the records of the agency or department in a manner that permits the prompt and orderly removal of records authorized for destruction.

(c) The head of each state agency or department shall designate a member of his staff as the records officer for his agency or department and shall notify the department of buildings and general services in writing of the name and title of the person designated.

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8 V.S.A. §§ 11 (3), 11 (4) Department

(3) If the commissioner, or any employee of the department or the spouse of any of them or the son or daughter of any of them residing at their respective homes obtains a loan from or holds an equity interest in any financial institution subject to supervision or regulation by the department, the fact of the loan or of the holding, together with the appropriate terms and conditions, shall be disclosed immediately to the commissioner in writing by the person obtaining the loan or holding.

(4) A record of the indebtedness or holding described in subdivision (3) of this subsection shall be kept on file in the department and shall be open to inspection by the public.

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8 V.S.A. § 22 Confidentiality and information sharing agreements

(a) Except as expressly provided in subsection (b) of this section, all documents, material or other information reported to, or developed or maintained by the commissioner may be used by the commissioner in the furtherance of legal or regulatory proceedings brought as a part of the commissioner's official duties.
(b) In order to assist in the performance of the commissioner's duties, the commissioner:
(1) may share documents, materials or other information, including confidential and privileged documents, materials or other information with other state, federal, or international regulatory agencies, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, the North American Securities Administrators Association, self-regulatory organizations organized under 15 U.S.C. §§ 78f, 78o-3 and 78q-1, other self-regulatory organizations and their affiliates or subsidiaries and with state, federal, and international law enforcement authorities, provided that the recipient agrees to maintain the confidentiality and privileged status of the document, material, or other information;
(2) may receive documents, materials, or information, including otherwise confidential and privileged documents, materials, or information, from other state, federal, and international regulatory agencies, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, the North American Securities Administrators Association, self-regulatory organizations organized under 15 U.S.C. §§ 78f, 78o-3 and 78q-1, other self-regulatory organizations and their affiliates or subsidiaries and from state, federal, and international law enforcement authorities, and shall maintain as confidential or privileged any document, material, or information received with notice or the understanding that it is confidential or privileged under the laws of the jurisdiction that is the source of the document, material, or information;
(3) may enter into agreements governing sharing and use of information consistent with this section; and
(4) shall determine, prior to sharing information about an individual pursuant to subdivision (1) of this subsection, that sharing the information will substantially further the performance of the regulatory or law enforcement duties of the recipient.
(c) Any information furnished pursuant to this subsection by or to the commissioner that has been designated confidential by the furnisher of the information shall not be subject to public inspection under Title 1, chapter 5, shall not be subject to subpoena, and shall not be subject to discovery or admissible in evidence in any private civil action.
(d) Neither the commissioner nor any person who received documents, material, or information while acting under the authority of the commissioner shall be permitted or required to testify in any private civil action concerning any confidential documents, material, or information.
(e) No waiver of an existing privilege or claim of confidentiality in the documents, materials, or information shall occur as a result of disclosure or sharing as authorized under this section.
(f) The provisions of this section shall apply to information relating to persons that engage in activities that are financial in nature, or incidental or complementary to such financial activity within the meaning of 12 U.S.C. § 1843(k) and to credit unions; provided, however, this section shall apply to captives formed or licensed under the provisions of chapter 141 or 142 of this title only to the extent contemplated by 15 U.S.C. § 6716.

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21 V.S.A. § 1314  Reports and records

(a) The commissioner may require any employing unit to keep such true and accurate records and make such reports covering persons employed by it respecting employment, wages, hours, unemployment and related matters as the commissioner deems reasonably necessary for the effective administration of this chapter. Such records shall be open to inspection and subject to being copied by the commissioner or his authorized representatives at any reasonable time and as often as may be necessary.
(b) On request of the commissioner, an employing unit shall report, within ten days of the mailing or personal delivery of the request, employment and separation information with respect to a claimant and the wages paid to a claimant.
(c) If an employing unit fails to comply with the provisions of subsection (b) above, and/or after
October 1, 1986, section 1314(a) of this title, the commissioner shall determine the benefit rights of a claimant upon such information as is available. Prompt notice in writing of the determination shall be given to the employing unit. The determination shall be final with respect to a noncomplying employer as to any charges against its experience- rating record for benefits paid to the claimant and its experience-rating record shall not be relieved of those charges unless, within 30 days after notice thereof, the employer files an appeal from the determination and the determination is ultimately reversed, or unless the amount of benefits is recovered from the claimant, or unless the commissioner determines that failure to comply was due to unavoidable accident or mistake.
(d)(1) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, information obtained from any employing unit or individual in the administration of this chapter, and determinations as to the benefit rights of any individual shall be held confidential and shall not be disclosed or open to public inspection in any manner revealing the individual's or employing unit's identity, nor be admissible in evidence in any action or proceeding other than one arising out of this chapter. An individual or his duly authorized agent may be supplied with information from those records to the extent necessary for the proper presentation of his claims for benefits or to inform him of his existing or prospective rights to benefits; an employing unit may be furnished with such information as may be deemed proper, within the discretion of the commissioner, to enable it to fully discharge its obligations and safeguard its rights under this chapter.
(2) Automatic data processing services and systems and programming services within the department of employment and training shall be the responsibility and under the direct control of the commissioner in the administration of this chapter and chapter 15 of this title.

(3) Notwithstanding the provisions in subdivision (2) of this section, the department of employment and training shall, at the request of the agency of administration, perform such services for other departments and agencies of the state as are within the capacity of its data processing equipment and personnel, provided that such services can be accomplished without undue interference with the designated work of the department of employment and training.
(e)(1) Subject to such restrictions as the board may by regulation prescribe, information from unemployment insurance records may be made available to any public officer or public agency of this or any other state or the federal government dealing with the administration of relief, public assistance, unemployment compensation, a system of public employment offices, wages and hours of employment, or a public works program for purposes appropriate to the necessary operation of those offices or agencies. The commissioner may also make information available to colleges, universities and public agencies of the state, for use in connection with research projects of a public service nature; but no person associated with those institutions or agencies may disclose that information in any manner which would reveal the identity of any individual or employing unit from or concerning whom the information was obtained by the commissioner.
(A) The department of employment and training shall participate in the income and eligibility verification procedures under Federal Public Law 98-369 (The Deficit Reduction Act of 1984) which provides for the exchange of information among state agencies administering federally assisted programs for AFDC, Medicaid, Food Stamps, SSI, Unemployment Compensation and any other state program under a plan approved under Title I, X, XIV, or XVI of the Social Security Act.
(B) The department of employment and training is designated as the
Vermont agency for the collection of wage records on workers covered under this chapter, as required by PL 98-369.
(2)(A) The department of employment and training shall disclose, upon request, to officers or employees of any state or local child support enforcement agency, any wage information or other information material to the location of an individual, the individual's assets, or the individual's place of employment or other source of income contained in the department's unemployment compensation claim records with respect to an identified individual which is contained in those records.
(i) The term "state or local child support enforcement agency" means any agency of a state or political subdivision thereof operating pursuant to a plan described in section 454 of the Social Security Act, which has been approved by the Secretary of Health and Human Services under part D, Title IV of the Social Security Act.
(B) The requesting agency shall agree that information provided under this subsection is to be used only for the following purposes:
(i) establishing and collecting child support obligations from, and locating, individuals owing such obligations which are being enforced pursuant to a plan described in section 454 of the Social Security Act which has been approved by the Secretary of Health and Human Services under part D, Title IV of the Social Security Act; and
(ii) establishing parentage and expediting procedures relating to establishing parentage pursuant to section 466(c)(1) of the Social Security Act as added by section 325(a)(2) of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (Public Law 104 as made application for unemployment compensation and the amount of any compensation being received or to be received by such individual;
(iii) the current or most recent home address of the individual; and
(iv) whether the individual has refused an offer of employment, and if so, a description of the employment offered and the terms, conditions and rate of pay therefor.

(B) The term "state food stamp agency" means any agency described in section (3)(n)(1) of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 which administers the food stamp program established under such act.
(C) The requesting agency shall agree that such information shall be used only for purposes of determining the applicant's eligibility for benefits, or the amount of benefits, under the food stamp program established under the Food Stamp Act of 1977.
(D) The information shall not be released unless the requesting agency agrees to reimburse the costs involved for furnishing such information.
(E) In addition to the requirements of this subdivision, all other requirements with respect to confidentiality of information obtained in the administration of this chapter and the sanctions imposed for improper disclosure of information obtained in the administration of this chapter shall apply to the use of such information by the officers and employees of any food stamp agency or the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
(4)(A) The department of employment and training shall disclose, upon request, to officers or employees of any state or local agency charged with administering AFDC, any wage information with respect to an identified individual which is contained in its records, which is necessary for the purpose of determining an individual's eligibility for aid or services or the amount of such aid or services to needy families with children.
(i) The term "state or local agency charged with administering AFDC" means any such agency administering a plan approved under part A of Title IV of the Social Security Act.
(B) The information requested shall not be released unless the requesting AFDC agency agrees to reimburse the department of employment and training for the costs involved in furnishing such information.
(C) The requesting agency shall agree that the requested information shall be used only for the purposes authorized in subdivision (e)(4)(A) of this section.
(5)(A) The department of employment and training shall disclose to officers or employees of the Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS) or National New Hire Directory any employment, wage and unemployment compensation claim information contained in its claim records which may be useful in locating an absent parent or the parent's employer solely for purposes of administering the child support enforcement provisions of Title IV of the Social Security Act.
(B) The requesting Federal Parent Locator Service shall agree that the requested information
shall be used only for purposes authorized in section 303(h)(1) of the Social Security Act.
(C) The information requested shall not be released unless the requesting Federal Parent Locator Service agrees to reimburse the department of employment and training for the costs involved in furnishing the requested information.
(6)(A) The department of employment and training shall disclose, upon request, to officers or employees of the Department of Housing and Urban Development HUD and to representatives of a public housing agency any wage information and unemployment compensation benefit
information which is contained in its records with respect to an identified individual applying for or participating in any housing assistance program administered by HUD which is necessary for the purposes of determining the individual's eligibility for benefits or the amount of benefits under a HUD housing assistance program. For the purposes of this subdivision, the term "public housing agency" means any agency described in section 3(b)(6) of the United States Housing Act of 1937 which is authorized to engage in or assist in the development or operation of low income housing.

 (B) HUD or the requesting public housing agency shall agree that the requested information shall be used only for purposes of determining individual's eligibility for benefits or the amount of benefits under a HUD housing assistance program and that it will comply with the provisions of 20 C.F.R. section 603.7 and the limitations on the use of the information set forth in section 904(c)(2) of P.L. 100-628.
(C) The information requested shall not be released unless the individual about whom the requested information relates has signed a consent form, approved by the secretary of HUD, which permits the release of the requested information.
(D) The information requested shall not be released unless HUD or the requested public housing agency agrees to reimburse the department of employment and training for the costs involved in furnishing the requested information.
(f) Nothing contained in this section shall be deemed to interfere with the disclosure of certain information obtained under this chapter as provided in sections 1315, 1316 and 1317 of this title or to interfere with disclosure to the internal revenue service of the United States department of the treasury or to any state for purposes of the Federal Unemployment Tax Act or for the purposes of taxation of unemployment compensation benefits paid to individuals by this department. Information may be exchanged with the
Vermont department of taxes for the purpose of establishing liability of employers for unemployment compensation purposes or identifying employers affected by Vermont tax laws. Information reported to the department of employment and training may be provided to the Vermont department of taxes for the purposes of assessment and collection of Vermont taxes, including but not limited to identifying nonfilers of state tax locating and identifying persons in debt to the department of taxes; and verifying property tax rebate eligibility.
(g) All written, or oral reports, or other communications, from an employer or his workers to each other, or to the commissioner or any of his agents, representatives, or employees, made in connection with the requirements and administration of this chapter or the regulations thereunder, shall be absolutely privileged and shall not be made the subject matter or basis for any suit for slander or libel in any court of this state, unless they are false in fact and malicious in
intent.

 (h) Any employing unit which fails to report employment and separation information with respect to a claimant and wages paid to a claimant required under subsection (b) of this section shall be subject to a penalty of $35.00 for each such report not received by the prescribed due date, which penalty shall be collected in the manner provided for the collection of contributions in section 1329 of this title and shall be paid into the contingent fund provided in section 1365 of this title. If the employing unit demonstrates that its failure was due to a reasonable cause, the commissioner may, in his or her discretion, waive the penalty.

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28 V.S.A. §§ 403(4) Powers and responsibilities of the commissioner regarding parole

(4) To establish and maintain a register of individuals who ask to be notified of the parole interview or review of an inmate by the parole board. The register shall constitute a confidential record which shall only be disclosed to persons within the department specifically designated by the commissioner;

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3 V.S.A. § 117(c) Publication And Preservation Of State Papers

(c)  The secretary shall report annually to the governor and the general assembly on the state archives program.

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29 V.S.A. § 1152. Copies of reports

Whenever a report is printed at the expense of any agency, department, board or other entity in the executive branch, ten copies shall be given to the state librarian.

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Case Law 1 V.S.A. 317

In Herald Association v. Dean 816 A.2d 469 the court held that though the creation of the governor’s schedule is a matter of choice, given the essential role the calendar plays in the governor’s office it falls within the definition of a public record.

Note: Herarld Association v. Dean 816 A.2d 469 not yet available (as of 8/18/03)

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